Over the last two decades, we have witnessed a tremendous progress in understanding the mechanisms by which interferon (IFN) and other related cytokines act on cells and animal models. Thus, the recent progress in the IFN research has been instrumental for acquiring new and important knowledge in various fields, such as cytokine signaling, antiviral responses, innate and adaptive immunity, immune regulation and tumor immunology and immunotherapy. IFNs (especially IFN-alpha) have been widely used in clinical practice for the treatment of some human malignancies and certain infectious diseases with variable responses and some types of IFN are still used in clinical practice.
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